Climbing using engineered tools was first documented in 1492 when Charles VII of France ordered his military to ascend Mont Inaccessible as training for sieging feudal castles. A spectacular and sheer 300m tower flanked on all sides by precipitous limestone cliffs, it was known in the fourteenth century as one of the "Seven Miracles of Dauphiné". Local legends told of angels seen flying along its cliffs at night to keep it inviolate.
With skilled use of ropes, grappling hooks, and ladders—the "subtilz engins" (in contrast to less subtle means, ie. cannons)—combined with expert route finding ability, the military engineer Antoine deVille led a ten-person expedition to the top, where he was surprised to to discover a beautiful meadow with flowers, birds, and a herd of chamois, which he believed "would never be able to get away".
One of deVille’s team described the ascent as "the most horrible passage...a half a league by a path terrible to look at, and still more terrible to descend". Now accessible by humans, the mountain was rechristened Léguille, and is now known as Mont Aiguille. After the ascent, the summit remained unvisited until 1834, when Jean-Pierre-César Liotard climbed the tower, solo and barefoot.
This first documented mountaineering ascent took place long before mountain climbing was considered recreational exploration, and even though the impetus for the ascent was political, it was a courageous, technical display of vertical prowess.
NEXT: skip to the rise of metal in the mountains.
LINKS
In the Beginning: Subtle Means and Engines
The Modern Era of Mountaineering (1786)
American Trail Builders, 1800's
Rope Technology in the 19th century
Mizzi Langer -- first advertised rock climbing pitons (Mauerhaken)
Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1a
Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1b
Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1c
Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1d
Climbing Pitons Early Evolution-part 1e
Tita Piaz-Alpinisto Acrobatico (Piaz PartA)
Hey John, This is extremely interesting, thanks! I have subscribed. I also am forwarding it to my friends Bruce Willey and Caroline Schaumann in Bishop. If you have not already seen it, get a copy of Caroline's new book Peak Pursuits: the Emergence of Mountaineering in the Nineteenth Century (Yale University Press, 2020). Caroline is an academic, an expert on Alexander von Humboldt, and has been working on this book for years. We all know the outlines of her story, including von Humboldt's altitude record on Chimborazo and the FA of Mt. Blanc. This fills in many fascinating details, including shifts in the cultural perception of climbing. Also, John Svenson has privately shown me sketches of some art work he is doing for your new 'ledge. Nice!