Campanile Basso di Brenta

Mechanical Advantage #9a/b

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Volume 1: (mostly) European Tools and Techniques to the 1930s

Volume 2: (mostly) North American Climbing Tools and Techniques to the 1950s

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Tita Piaz-partA here.

Brenta group, Campanile Basso center.

Marmolada saw one of the first “via ferratas” up the west ridge in 1903. By this time, all the major summits of the Dolomites had been mapped, climbed, and named. Climbers began to eye the individual spires along the ridges with greater interest.

The “Last Great Problems” early 1900’s

Shortly after the ascent by the Tomasson team of the south face of Marmolada in 1901, another adventurous spectacular long free route was completed by the baroness sisters Ilona & Rolanda Eötvös from Budapest, with Antonio Dimai, Giovanni ‘Santo’ Siorpaes, Agostino Verzi—three of the most famous and talented guides at the time. Their route up the 700m south wall of Tofana di Rozes entailed exposed 5.6 free climbing and intricate route finding. Guided belays on such a route involve finding a good stance, bracing oneself, and holding the rope closely for the second to avoid any shock load on the system. (footnote). After this ascent, the pace on the biggest walls slowed, and the focus of the “last great problems” for the next few years shifted to the slender spires of the Dolomiti.

footnote: Decades after the first ascent of this wall, in a father-son guiding tradition, Antonio’s son Angelo Dimai of Cortina repeated a difficult “directissima” of Tofana di Rozes with Miss Fitzgerald (ref: Rudatis).

The 1901 “Dimai/Eötvös” on the south wall of Tofana di Rozes in the Ampezzo Valley. (Enrico Maioni photo). Right: routes by 1963 in the Italian Alpine Journal.

Typical stance on the 700m Tofana di Rozes, and Damai portrait in Piaz’s book.

Towers never imagined climbable—accessible solely by birds—were becoming possible in the minds of climbers like Tita Piaz, willing to “go for it” using gymnastic climbing ability in exposed situations. For 50 years since the time of Whymper, as rock got steeper, the eye for a line on steep rock was primarily focused on major chimney features with “windows”—safe places often found in long deep cracks, i.e, a good belay stance—but climbers were discovering the faces of amazingly featured Dolomiti rock were also possible with bold free-climbing technique—what Guido Rey coined ‘Alpinisme Acrobatique’. Georg Winkler’s ahead-of-its-time ascent of the Winklerriß on the Vajolet Towers in 1887 was gradually opening climber’s eyes to the possibilities.

The early 1900’s saw the first ascents of the some of the most spectacular spires in the Dolomites. One spire that best typifies the era is Campanile Basso. Just as in Yosemite starting three decades later on the sister Higher Cathedral Spire, the experience from climbing previously inaccessible towers led to the tools and techniques that enabled the biggest walls of the area to be climbed more elegantly than ever thought possible.

Campanile Basso di Brenta

In the late 1800’s, Campanile Basso became one of the Dolomite’s testpiece free climbing crucibles. The spire was considered a “last great problem” and coined the “Dent du Géant of the Eastern Alps” (Hans Barth). The Brenta group is a spectacular sub-range of the Southern Limestone Alps in Trentino, an area with its own society of “Italian Spirit” alpinists (SAT) in what was then the far southern Austro-Hungarian Empire. Campanile Basso is hidden from the valleys below, so the sight of this wild 300m tower first appears at close range, where it draws all climber’s eyes wistfully—and often fearfully—to its dramatic and lofty summit.

Campaniile Basso/Guglia di Brenta (Adalbert Holzer 1920, and DuÖAV 1906).

A famous 1897 attempt led by Carlo Garbari and two guides involved intricate route-finding and bold free-climbing. The team led many pitches of exposed and difficult rock, as they spiralled up the south, east, and west faces. After 300m of climbing, the team was stopped by blank 20m headwall just short of the summit. At a small ledge later coined the Garbari Pulpit, one of the guides, Nino Povoli, boldly free climbed up the blank wall, but was unable to commit to the final difficult and unprotected moves to easier ground (footnote).

footnote: probably worth mentioning for those unfamiliar with the Alps is how guiding worked back then. Guides were at the top of the profession, and often scoped and made forays onto unclimbed territory, then advertised the “first ascent” to paying clients. Generally a “carrier” was also hired for adventures (Nino was actually a carrier in the Basso adventure, and Piaz was a carrier for many years before he became a legal guide in 1907). Some clients also determined the objective, as was probably the case with Garbari on Basso, as one of his main objectives was to claim the summit for the Italians. The guide’s primary job was to keep the client alive with good rope-work. For most jobs, one guide was enough, but for the complex traversing vertical rock, two guides were required. The top mountain guides were, and still deservedly are, heroic local figures.

Team rope management had been evolving, especially in the Eastern Alps, from the alpine method where multiple people ascend together connected by rope and all poised to support any slip of the team, to a single climber system with one climber leading, another person—the “second”—braced on the cliff, holding the rope close in hand, perhaps wrapped around the arm for added friction. On Campanile Basso in 1897, without solid anchors on the small ledge, a 10m fall on the static manila ropes of the day would generate huge forces (today we say a factor 2 fall). If the force did not snap the rope over an edge, which it probably would, the pull would be near-impossible to brace against.

In other words, without an anchor on the small rocky ledge, if Nino fell and bounced, which was likely, the tied-together trio would all fall and plummet to certain death. In his book, “Half a Century of Alpinism”, Piaz recounts a hilarious story of how, all huddled amidst the ledge rubble, Garbari threatened his unwilling guides with a gun to force the rope to summit by any means. The action if true, “saved Garbari forever from being bothered by unemployed guides,” Piaz wryly notes. But to no avail—it was not yet the time, and the team retreated.

Left: Garbari’s 1897 attempt in Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini 1896-1898 journal.

Two years later in 1899, Austrians Otto Ampferer and Karl Berger followed Garbari’s route to the ledge, and were also stumped by the obvious direct route up the headwall. Instead, they fearlessly made a blind airy traverse around the exposed NW corner, finding a weakness in the centre of the imposing north wall and onto the celebrated summit, “a spacious plateau with a block altar in the middle.” The summit of Guglia di Brenta (the Austrians’ preferred denomination) was won, and the ascent became big news across the whole European climbing community. In the 1899 German-Austrian newsletter, the Austrian team reported the route, noting the use of pitons for the descent.

Campanile Basso. Garbari’s team in 1897 tried and failed to climb direct up the headwall from the Garbali pulpit (“Garbarikanzel”). In 1899 Ampferer and Berger made an exposed airy traverse to the north side and found a technically easier way to the summit. (more history.)

Report of the first ascent by Otto Ampferer and Carl Berger from Innsbruck in 1899. Note also the reference to the ‘Garbari Stoneman’ (the German word ‘Steinmann’ also refers to stacked marker stones, I.e., a cairn). Note: the naming of Campanile Basso di Brenta vs. Guglia di Brenta (all Italian words). Basso is “low” (in this sense “the lower Brenta bell tower”— lower than the summit of nearby Campanile Alto, “the higher Brenta bell tower”). Guglia is simply “spire” in Italian, hence, Brenta Spire. The naming became just another nationalistic debate within the mountain world for a while.

Added Pitons

Subsequent ascents added many pitons to the route. Hans Barth in the 1907 DuÖAV writes, “As smooth as a snake, the wild rock tower rises an estimated 300m. It is the nice thing that modern mountaineers have enough respect for these wild rock monsters that they do not kill it completely with wire rope, stairs and railings, (and only) marking its vulnerable places with iron pin and rope ring.” He notes the second ascent, two climbers from München, had marked a number of these “vulnerable places” with pitons. A fixed rope was also noted in place for one of the sections. On Barth’s third ascent in 1901 with Alfred von Radio-Radiis (what a name!), he describes bringing sharp steel pitons for the ascent, and looking up from the base to a “yellow-red overhang adorned with rope rings” (slings and pitons). Later, unsure of where the route continued, he sees “A hook! So it has to go that way”. At a tiny ledge, he notes, “Our predecessors once again had their weapons in the body of this wild mountain, and we thanked them for this backup option.”

There’s more: on a section mid-way, where the route exits a chimney and moves out onto an exposed face, “The first climbers again tamed the stubborn rock with a hook, so one calms down about climbing the pillar.” For the final bold climbing around the NW corner to the final wall, he writes, “an alcove with rusty hooks in it, above it a brittle outcrop with a hammered piton (footnote) with a weathered hemp rope ring still seems to hold,” followed by a description of the committing moves above.

footnote: the German word Barth uses here is “Stift” (pin/pen/pencil/peg), probably similar to the the British use of the word, “peg”, a generic term used for all things hammered in.

In short, by the third ascent of Campanile Basso, the route had a good number of added pitons, and safer belays. With increasing safety at precarious and exposed belays using artificial anchors (pitons) tied off with cord, short lead falls and swings onto the anchors could be risked. Povoli later returned and fired off the headwall without difficulty, presumably with a safer belay. Any pitons used were generally left in place, and as the route became more popular, Campanile Basso opened many eyes to the wider possibilities in the vertical world, expanding the imagination of climbers willing to adopt the new tools (footnote).

footnote: …along with many controversies debating piton use vs. abuse, which will be discussed in later post. It was still a dangerous bold route for the time: In 1911, a fatal accident is reported. “Mr. Eugen Prosch from Würtzburg fell fatally from the Guglia di Brenta… crossing the northwestern edge at the so-called ‘Garbarikanzel’. Disappeared behind the edge, the companions heard a scream, at the same time a jolt on the rope, which then went slack. The body was cut in two on a sharp rock. Prosch is said to have fallen about 200m.”(1911 Mitteilungen

Notes: After the first ascent, Campanile Basso became a testpiece and “who’s who” of the Eastern Alps, and eventually a “classic”, with the British Alpine Journal noting exactly 619 ascents as of 1934. Austrian alpinist Vineta Mayer with her husband and Joseph Ostler from Kufstein (Wilder Kaiser area) climbed the 8th ascent (first “Damen-Hocktouren”— Vineta’s two sons, Guido and Max, helped pioneer the longest and hardest routes in the Dolomites a few years later). In 1908, the visiting American Oliver Perry-Smith led a bold new route up the SW face. Twelve years after the first ascent, Paul Preuss’s solo first ascent of the east wall of Campanile Basso is one of the most spectacular onsight-solos in climbing history (a 500m route, which later became “well-pitoned” AJ1961). One of the climbers Tita Piaz most respected—along with Georg Winkler and Paul Preuss— was Rita Graffer, for her lead of the Preuss wall with her younger brother when the route was presumably not yet “well-pitoned” (she also established a new 350m route on the SW arete of Campanile Basso using 12 pitons in 1934).

Campanile Basso, 6th ascent by Piaz (to be continued)

In 1902, Piaz made the 6th ascent of Campanile Basso, (to be continued).

The report above on Campanile Basso was intended to just be an introduction to this chapter on Piaz, to provide context for the state-of-the-art of the time (i.e. a lot more piton use than is often remembered, and probably a lot better technology that people generally imagine) but feel like I should post something today, so here it is for now, likely to be later revised with better segues.

Outline to come (Piaz PartB):

• Piaz’s early ascent of Campanile Basso with Franz Wenter, and other wild spires to 1908 including Campanile di Val Montanaia—where Piaz made a famous 37m rappel, the longest overhanging roped descent of the time; Guglia de Amicus—where he used bold rigging techniques and ropework to summit; and Campanile Toro—one of the hardest spires of his career.

• Piaz’s speed climbing, solo achievements and innovations.

• Ropework and rigging & concepts of Mezzi Artificiali, and state-of-the-art of hardware prior to Fiechtl-design pitons.

• Early big walls—Piaz’s road trip up north on his motorcycle—first ascent of the west wall of the Totenkirchl in the Wilder Kaiser.

Really a whole book in English could—and should—be written about Piaz. What becomes clear is that he was a primary pioneer of the means and ways we climb today. For the purposes of this mechanical advantage series, I plan go into detail on Piaz’s climbing career up to his groundbreaking ascent on the Totenkirchl, then probably move on to how the new tools and techniques were employed by other pioneers to establish breakthrough big walls, starting with Dibona around 1908, and eventually to Dülfer and others to wrap up the early years (pre-WWI). Thanks for reading!

Link to Piaz’s autobiography on Kindle

More Campanile Basso notes and images (and Brenta):

The summit—and preferred name—of Campanile Basso/Guglia di Brenta became a patriotic platform, with climbers replacing any flags of other nations with one’s own country flag, until eventually all parties agreed on sanctuary summit corners for their flagpoles. In this 1906 photograph, you can see one of the famous flagpoles.

Report on Garbari’s attempt of Campanile Basso in 1897. Confusingly we see two spellings for Nino even in early literature: Povoli and Pooli. The Pooli spelling appears to begin with Rudatis history essays in 1930.

Beautiful photographic and illustrated mountain portraits in the German-Austrian journals. The 1905 route up the ridge of Crozzon di Brenta was another mind blower of the era.

Central Brentagruppe.

…modern topo of the Ampferer Berger route—lots of pitons!

1934 Alpine Journal article: South Tyrol—or therabouts, by Ursula Corning

Brenta Group. Trento to the south-east is the major center of the region, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini (SAT) was founded in 1872 in Madonna di Campiglio, a more isolated area north-west of the Brenta Group. Their motto: “Excelsior!”.

Classic Climbs, Lele Dinoia & Valerio Casari 1986

from Pete Crew’s awesome Alpine Guide, Selected Climbs in the Dolomites, 1963. Illustrations by R.B. Evans. This guide was pretty much the only information in English on the Dolomites even into the early 1980’s (my generation and time in these ranges).

Lest we forget how dangerous swinging around on sharp rock with hemp and manila ropes of the day, one of the early accidents on the Basso reported in 1911.

ALL LINKS

In the Beginning: Subtle Means and Engines

Pre-1492 climbing tools

The Modern Era of Mountaineering (1786)

American Trail Builders, 1800's

The rise of iron for ascent

Rope Technology in the 19th century

Mizzi Langer -- first advertised rock climbing pitons (Mauerhaken)

Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1a

Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1b

Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1c

Climbing Pitons Early Evolution--part 1d

Climbing Pitons Early Evolution-part 1e

Tita Piaz-Alpinisto Acrobatico (Piaz PartA)

Campanile Basso di Brenta

Tita Piaz-Speed Climber and Rope Acrobat (Piaz PartB)

Tita Piaz-Guide and Rigging Expert (Piaz PartC)